| Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Diagnostics Edited by: Joe Hing Kwok Chu Please enable your browser to read traditional Chinese (BIG5). The Eight Outlines 八綱辨證：yin and yang, external and internal, hot and cold, weak and strong. 陰陽，表裡，寒熱，虛 實。 Four clinical diagnostics 四診 | Yin Syndromes 陰證 | Yang Syndromes 陽證 |
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Inspection 望 | Pale or dark complexion, tiredness and likes to lie down, lack of strength, does not like physical activities, fat slippery tongue with oily look. 面色蒼白或暗淡，身重捲臥，倦怠無力，萎靡不振，舌質淡而胖 膩，舌苔潤滑 | Red face, hot body, prefers cool, uneasiness, dry and cracked lips, dark red tongue with yellow fur, or even with cracks, or black and with spurs. 面色潮紅或通紅，身熱，喜涼，狂燥不安，口唇燥裂，舌質紅絳 ，苔色黃或老黃，甚則燥裂，或黑而生芒刺 |
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Listening and Smelling 聞 | Voice is weak, quiet and dislikes talking, weak breathing, short of breath. 語聲低微，靜而少言，呼吸祛弱，氣短。 | Voice is strong and menacing, impatient, talkative, breathing is rough and fast with sound of phlegm, shouting and/or cursing. 語聲壯厲，煩而多言，呼吸氣粗，喘促痰鳴，狂言叫罵 |
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Inquiring 問 | Foul smelling feces, lack of appetite, uneasiness and not thirsty, or prefers warm beverages, urination is long and clear or short of urine. 大便氣腥臭，飲食減少，口中無味，不煩不渴，或喜熱飲，小便 清長或短少 | Stool is hard or constipated, or with foul smell, does not like to eat, dry mouth, thirsty and wants to drink, urine is short and dark. 大便或硬或秘，或有奇臭，惡食，口乾，煩渴引飲，小便短赤 |
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Palpation 切 | Stomach is painful and likes to be pressed, body and feet are cold, pulse is deep, thin, slow and weak. 腹痛喜按，身寒足冷，脈象沉微細澀弱遲無力 | Stomach is painful and dislikes being pressed, body and feet are warm, pulse is large, floating, fast, and slippery and strong. 腹痛拒按，身熱足暖，脈象浮洪數大滑實而有力 |
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| External 表 | Internal 裏 | Location of Illness | skin and hair, muscle and meridians 皮毛，肌肉，經脈 | zang fu, blood vessels, and bone marrow 五臟六腑，血脈，骨髓 |
| Cold Syndromes 寒證 | Hot Syndromes 熱證 |
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Warm and Cold Preferences 寒熱喜惡 | Prefers warm and dislikes cold 惡寒喜熱 | Prefers cold and dislikes warm 惡熱喜寒 | Thirst 口渴 | not thirsty 不渴 | thirsty and likes cold drink 渴喜冷飲 | color of face 面色 | pale 白 | red or pink 紅赤 | limbs 四肢 | cold 冷 | hot 熱 | feces 大便 | loose 稀溏 | rigid 秘結 | urine 小便 | light color and long duration 清長 | dark and short duration 短赤 | tongue 舌象 | pale and with white coating 舌淡，苔白潤 | red and with yellow coating 舌紅，苔黃 |
| Weak (deficient) Syndromes(xu zheng) 虛證 | Strong Syndromes (shi zheng) 實證 |
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length of illness 病程 | illness has been lasting for long duration 長(久病) | illness has been lasting for short duration 短(新病) | body type 體質 | weak 必虛弱 | strong 必粗壯 | energy 精神 | low and depressed 萎靡 | excited 興奮 | voice and breath 聲息 | low voice and weak breath 聲低 息微 | strong voice and strong breath 聲高息粗 | pain 疼痛 | likes being pressed 喜按 | does not like being pressed 拒按 | fullness in chest and abdomen 胸腹脹滿 | not painful when pressed. Fullness comes and goes. 按之不痛，脹滿時減 | painful when pressed. Fullness does not subside. 按之疼痛，脹滿不減 | temperature 發熱 | chest, palms and soles are uncomfortably warm. Feverish in the afternoon. 五心煩熱，午後微熱 | hot body 蒸蒸壯熱 | chill 惡寒 | chill sensation subsides when the body is covered or in a warm environment 得衣近火則解 | chill sensation does not subside when the body is covered or in a warm environment 添衣加被不減 | tongue phenomenon 舌象 | tongue has tender look. No fur or little fur. 質嫩，苔少或無苔 | tongue has aged look and fur is thick and has an oily look. 質老，苔厚膩 | pulse phenomenon 脈象 | weak 無力 | strong 有力 |
Heart and Small Intestine Channels Diagnostics 心與小腸病辨證 syndromes 證候 | Similarity 相同點 | differences 不同點 |
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heart qi deficient 心氣虛 | palpitation, heaviness in chest area and short of breath, especially after physical activities, and instant sweating. 心悸怔忡，胸悶氣短，活動後加重，自汗 | pale complexion, pale tongue with white fur, weak pulse 面色淡白，舌淡苔白，脈虛 | heart yang deficient 心陽虛 | cold limbs and dislikes coldness, angina pectoris, pale and dark complexion, fat and pale tongue with white and slippery fur, small and thin pulse. 畏寒肢冷，心痛，面色晃白或晦暗，舌淡胖苔白滑，脈微細 | heart yang (cardiac function) abruptly dropping 心陽暴脫 | sudden cold sweat, cold limbs, weak breathing, pale and green complexion, blue lips, dizzy or faint, bluish tongue, small and thin pulse as if expiring. 突然冷汗淋漓，四肢厥冷，呼吸微弱，面色蒼白， 口唇青紫，神志模糊或昏迷。舌質淡紫青滑，脈微細欲絕。 |
See Zang Fu Diagnostics 臟腑辨證 See Common Terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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